refactor!: consolidate Lua registry sources and the Package API (#1498)

**This removes the following APIs:**
- `Package:check_new_version()`. Instead use the new `Package:get_latest_version()`.

**This has a breaking change in the following APIs:**
- `Package:get_installed_version()` now no longer takes a callback but instead returns the installed version or `nil` if
  not installed.

<details>
<summary>To handle these breaking changes in plugins, leverage the `mason.version` module, for example:</summary>

```lua
local mason_version = require("mason.version")
local registry = require("mason-registry")
local pkg = registry.get_package("rust-analyzer")

if mason_version.MAJOR_VERSION < 2 then
    -- before
    pkg:check_new_version(function (success, new_version)
        -- …
    end)
    pkg:get_installed_version(function (success, installed_version)
        -- …
    end)
else
    -- after
    local new_version = pkg:get_latest_version()
    local installed_version = pkg:get_installed_version()
fi
```

</details>

---

<details>
<summary>This change also introduces breaking changes for Lua registry sources, by consolidating the package schema with the
registry.</summary>

The following is an example of a package defined in a Lua registry, following the new schema:

```lua
local Pkg = require("mason-core.package")

return Pkg.new {
    schema = "registry+v1",
    name = "ripgrep",
    description = "ripgrep recursively searches directories for a regex pattern while respecting your gitignore.",
    homepage = "https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep",
    licenses = { Pkg.License.MIT },
    languages = {},
    categories = {},
    source = {
        id = "pkg:mason/ripgrep@13.0.0",
        ---@param ctx InstallContext
        ---@param purl Purl
        install = function(ctx, purl)
            -- Arbitrary installation code.
        end,
    },
    bin = {
        rg = "./bin/rg",
    },
}
```

</details>

2 files changed, 22 insertions, 16 deletions

diff --git a/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy2_package.lua b/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy2_package.lua
index 424e47d7..793404ea 100644
--- a/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy2_package.lua
+++ b/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy2_package.lua
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 local Pkg = require "mason-core.package"
 
 return Pkg.new {
+    schema = "registry+v1",
     name = "dummy2",
-    desc = [[This is a dummy2 package.]],
-    categories = { Pkg.Cat.LSP },
-    languages = { Pkg.Lang.Dummy2Lang },
+    description = [[This is a dummy2 package.]],
     homepage = "https://example.com",
-    ---@async
-    ---@param ctx InstallContext
-    install = function(ctx)
-        ctx.receipt:with_primary_source { type = "dummy2" }
-    end,
+    licenses = { Pkg.License.MIT },
+    languages = { Pkg.Lang.Dummy2Lang },
+    categories = { Pkg.Cat.LSP },
+    source = {
+        id = "pkg:mason/dummy2@1.0.0",
+        ---@async
+        ---@param ctx InstallContext
+        install = function(ctx) end,
+    },
 }
diff --git a/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy_package.lua b/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy_package.lua
index b38d1cd8..52a709ad 100644
--- a/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy_package.lua
+++ b/tests/helpers/lua/dummy-registry/dummy_package.lua
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 local Pkg = require "mason-core.package"
 
 return Pkg.new {
+    schema = "registry+v1",
     name = "dummy",
-    desc = [[This is a dummy package.]],
-    categories = { Pkg.Cat.LSP },
-    languages = { Pkg.Lang.DummyLang },
+    description = [[This is a dummy package.]],
     homepage = "https://example.com",
-    ---@async
-    ---@param ctx InstallContext
-    install = function(ctx)
-        ctx.receipt:with_primary_source { type = "dummy" }
-    end,
+    licenses = { Pkg.License.MIT },
+    languages = { Pkg.Lang.DummyLang },
+    categories = { Pkg.Cat.LSP },
+    source = {
+        id = "pkg:mason/dummy@1.0.0",
+        ---@async
+        ---@param ctx InstallContext
+        install = function(ctx) end,
+    },
 }