feat: add semver module (#1058)

This will be used to compare semver versions, for example:

```lua
local v1 = try(semver.parse("1.0.0"))
local v2 = try(semver.parse("v2.0.0"))

local _ = v1 < v2 -- true
```

2 files changed, 223 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lua/mason-core/semver.lua b/lua/mason-core/semver.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2b02b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lua/mason-core/semver.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+local semver = require "mason-vendor.semver"
+local Result = require "mason-core.result"
+
+local M = {}
+
+---@param version string
+function M.parse(version)
+    version = version:gsub("^v", "")
+    return Result.pcall(semver, version)
+end
+
+return M
diff --git a/lua/mason-vendor/semver.lua b/lua/mason-vendor/semver.lua
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b61e3b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lua/mason-vendor/semver.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+-- stylua: ignore start
+
+local semver = {
+  _VERSION     = '1.2.1',
+  _DESCRIPTION = 'semver for Lua',
+  _URL         = 'https://github.com/kikito/semver.lua',
+  _LICENSE     = [[
+    MIT LICENSE
+
+    Copyright (c) 2015 Enrique García Cota
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+    copy of tother software and associated documentation files (the
+    "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+    without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+    distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+    permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+    the following conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and tother permission notice shall be included
+    in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+    OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+    MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+    IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+    CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+    TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+    SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+  ]]
+}
+
+local function checkPositiveInteger(number, name)
+  assert(number >= 0, name .. ' must be a valid positive number')
+  assert(math.floor(number) == number, name .. ' must be an integer')
+end
+
+local function present(value)
+  return value and value ~= ''
+end
+
+-- splitByDot("a.bbc.d") == {"a", "bbc", "d"}
+local function splitByDot(str)
+  str = str or ""
+  local t, count = {}, 0
+  str:gsub("([^%.]+)", function(c)
+    count = count + 1
+    t[count] = c
+  end)
+  return t
+end
+
+local function parsePrereleaseAndBuildWithSign(str)
+  local prereleaseWithSign, buildWithSign = str:match("^(-[^+]+)(+.+)$")
+  if not (prereleaseWithSign and buildWithSign) then
+    prereleaseWithSign = str:match("^(-.+)$")
+    buildWithSign      = str:match("^(+.+)$")
+  end
+  assert(prereleaseWithSign or buildWithSign, ("The parameter %q must begin with + or - to denote a prerelease or a build"):format(str))
+  return prereleaseWithSign, buildWithSign
+end
+
+local function parsePrerelease(prereleaseWithSign)
+  if prereleaseWithSign then
+    local prerelease = prereleaseWithSign:match("^-(%w[%.%w-]*)$")
+    assert(prerelease, ("The prerelease %q is not a slash followed by alphanumerics, dots and slashes"):format(prereleaseWithSign))
+    return prerelease
+  end
+end
+
+local function parseBuild(buildWithSign)
+  if buildWithSign then
+    local build = buildWithSign:match("^%+(%w[%.%w-]*)$")
+    assert(build, ("The build %q is not a + sign followed by alphanumerics, dots and slashes"):format(buildWithSign))
+    return build
+  end
+end
+
+local function parsePrereleaseAndBuild(str)
+  if not present(str) then return nil, nil end
+
+  local prereleaseWithSign, buildWithSign = parsePrereleaseAndBuildWithSign(str)
+
+  local prerelease = parsePrerelease(prereleaseWithSign)
+  local build = parseBuild(buildWithSign)
+
+  return prerelease, build
+end
+
+local function parseVersion(str)
+  local sMajor, sMinor, sPatch, sPrereleaseAndBuild = str:match("^(%d+)%.?(%d*)%.?(%d*)(.-)$")
+  assert(type(sMajor) == 'string', ("Could not extract version number(s) from %q"):format(str))
+  local major, minor, patch = tonumber(sMajor), tonumber(sMinor), tonumber(sPatch)
+  local prerelease, build = parsePrereleaseAndBuild(sPrereleaseAndBuild)
+  return major, minor, patch, prerelease, build
+end
+
+
+-- return 0 if a == b, -1 if a < b, and 1 if a > b
+local function compare(a,b)
+  return a == b and 0 or a < b and -1 or 1
+end
+
+local function compareIds(myId, otherId)
+  if myId == otherId then return  0
+  elseif not myId    then return -1
+  elseif not otherId then return  1
+  end
+
+  local selfNumber, otherNumber = tonumber(myId), tonumber(otherId)
+
+  if selfNumber and otherNumber then -- numerical comparison
+    return compare(selfNumber, otherNumber)
+  -- numericals are always smaller than alphanums
+  elseif selfNumber then
+    return -1
+  elseif otherNumber then
+    return 1
+  else
+    return compare(myId, otherId) -- alphanumerical comparison
+  end
+end
+
+local function smallerIdList(myIds, otherIds)
+  local myLength = #myIds
+  local comparison
+
+  for i=1, myLength do
+    comparison = compareIds(myIds[i], otherIds[i])
+    if comparison ~= 0 then
+      return comparison == -1
+    end
+    -- if comparison == 0, continue loop
+  end
+
+  return myLength < #otherIds
+end
+
+local function smallerPrerelease(mine, other)
+  if mine == other or not mine then return false
+  elseif not other then return true
+  end
+
+  return smallerIdList(splitByDot(mine), splitByDot(other))
+end
+
+local methods = {}
+
+function methods:nextMajor()
+  return semver(self.major + 1, 0, 0)
+end
+function methods:nextMinor()
+  return semver(self.major, self.minor + 1, 0)
+end
+function methods:nextPatch()
+  return semver(self.major, self.minor, self.patch + 1)
+end
+
+local mt = { __index = methods }
+function mt:__eq(other)
+  return self.major == other.major and
+         self.minor == other.minor and
+         self.patch == other.patch and
+         self.prerelease == other.prerelease
+         -- notice that build is ignored for precedence in semver 2.0.0
+end
+function mt:__lt(other)
+  if self.major ~= other.major then return self.major < other.major end
+  if self.minor ~= other.minor then return self.minor < other.minor end
+  if self.patch ~= other.patch then return self.patch < other.patch end
+  return smallerPrerelease(self.prerelease, other.prerelease)
+  -- notice that build is ignored for precedence in semver 2.0.0
+end
+-- This works like the "pessimisstic operator" in Rubygems.
+-- if a and b are versions, a ^ b means "b is backwards-compatible with a"
+-- in other words, "it's safe to upgrade from a to b"
+function mt:__pow(other)
+  if self.major == 0 then
+    return self == other
+  end
+  return self.major == other.major and
+         self.minor <= other.minor
+end
+function mt:__tostring()
+  local buffer = { ("%d.%d.%d"):format(self.major, self.minor, self.patch) }
+  if self.prerelease then table.insert(buffer, "-" .. self.prerelease) end
+  if self.build      then table.insert(buffer, "+" .. self.build) end
+  return table.concat(buffer)
+end
+
+local function new(major, minor, patch, prerelease, build)
+  assert(major, "At least one parameter is needed")
+
+  if type(major) == 'string' then
+    major,minor,patch,prerelease,build = parseVersion(major)
+  end
+  patch = patch or 0
+  minor = minor or 0
+
+  checkPositiveInteger(major, "major")
+  checkPositiveInteger(minor, "minor")
+  checkPositiveInteger(patch, "patch")
+
+  local result = {major=major, minor=minor, patch=patch, prerelease=prerelease, build=build}
+  return setmetatable(result, mt)
+end
+
+setmetatable(semver, { __call = function(_, ...) return new(...) end })
+semver._VERSION= semver(semver._VERSION)
+
+return semver